In the case, Learning Resources, Inc., et al. v. Trump, President of the United States, et al., the Supreme Court of the United States held that the President has no power to approve tariffs on the basis of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. The opinion of the majority (John Roberts), was that only under Article I of the Constitution, the jurisdiction was vested in the Congress to impose taxes and duties. The case emerged following the implementation of tariffs on imports on Canada, Mexico and China among other countries by Donald Trump who declared a national emergency concerning drug trafficking and trade deficit. The tariffs were fought by businesses which claimed that IEEPA gives the President the power to regulate imports but not to tax. The Court concurred by saying that the power to tax without express congressional authorization was not conferred in the power to regulate commerce. Using the Major Questions Doctrine, the Court ruled that such a far reaching economic measure must be clearly approved by Congress. The court upheld the judgment of the Federal Circuit and stated that the tariffs provided under IEEPA were illegal. An objection made by Justices Brett Kavanaugh, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito maintained that tariffs are traditionally a means of controlling imports.